Carl Joseph Schröter (19 December 1855 – 7 February 1939) was a Swiss

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

born in

Esslingen am Neckar Esslingen am Neckar ( Swabian: ''Esslenga am Neckor'') is a town in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest town in the district. Within Baden-Württemberg it is t ...

, Germany. From 1874 he studied

natural sciences Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatab ...

at ''Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule'' (

ETH Zurich (colloquially) , former_name = eidgenössische polytechnische Schule , image = ETHZ.JPG , image_size = , established = , type = Public , budget = CHF 1.896 billion (2021) , rector = Günther Dissertori , president = Joël Mesot , ac ...

), where one of his early influences was

geologist A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, earth science, or geophysics, althou ...

Albert Heim Albert Heim (12 April 184931 August 1937) was a Swiss geologist, noted for his three-volume ''Geologie der Schweiz''. Born in Zürich, he was educated at Zürich and Berlin universities. Very early in life he became interested in the physical fe ...

(1849–1937). Following his habilitation in 1878, he worked as an assistant to

Carl Eduard Cramer Carl Eduard Cramer (4 March 1831 in Zürich – 24 November 1901 in Zürich) was a Swiss botanist. He studied at the universities of Zürich and Freiburg, where he received his doctorate in 1855. As a young man his mentor was the famed botanist Ca ...

(1831–1901). In 1883 he succeeded

Oswald Heer Oswald Heer (or Oswald von Heer) (31 August 1809 – 27 September 1883), Swiss geologist and naturalist, was born at Niederuzwil in Canton of St. Gallen and died in Lausanne. Biography Oswald Heer was educated as a clergyman at Halle and ...

(1809–1883) as professor of botany at ETH Zurich, a position he kept until 1926. Schröter was a pioneer in the fields of

phytogeography Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution o ...

and

phytosociology Phytosociology, also known as phytocoenology or simply plant sociology, is the study of groups of species of plant that are usually found together. Phytosociology aims to empirically describe the vegetative environment of a given territory. A speci ...

. He introduced the concept of "autecology" to explain the relationship of an individual plant with its external environment, and "

synecology In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological communit ...

" to express relationships between plant communities and external influences. In 1910 with

Charles Flahault Charles Henri Marie Flahault (3 October 1852 – 3 February 1935) was a French botanist, among the early pioneers of phytogeography, phytosociology, and forest ecology. The word '' relevé'' for a plant community sample is his invention. Early l ...

(1852–1935), he released ''Rapport sur la nomenclature phytogéographique'' (Reports on phytogeographical nomenclature), and with

Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler (11 August 1852, in Safnern – 7 April 1935) was a Swiss agriculturalist and ethnographer. History Following classes at the agricultural school in Rütti, he studied agriculture at the Universities of Halle and Leipz ...

(1852-1935), he was co-author of ''Die besten Futterpflanzen'', etc. (1883–1884), a work involving forage crop cultivation and economics. It was later translated into English, and published with the title, "The best forage plants: fully described and figured with a complete account of their cultivation, economic value, impurities and adulterants, &c" (1889). With geographer

Johann Jakob Früh Johann Jakob Früh (22 June 1852 in Märwil – 8 April 1938 in Zürich) was a Swiss geographer and geologist. From 1869 to 1872 he attended the teacher's seminar in Kreuzlingen, then furthered his education at the University of Zürich, Univ ...

, he was co-author of a book on Swiss

moorland Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands and montane grasslands and shrublands biomes, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils. Moorland, nowadays, generally ...

s, titled ''Die Moore der Schweiz : mit Berücksichtigung der gesamten Moorfrage'' (1904).Most widely held works by Johann Jacob Früh
WorldCat Identities

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* {{DEFAULTSORT:Schroter, Carl Joseph 19th-century Swiss botanists Swiss phytogeographers Academic staff of ETH Zurich People from Esslingen am Neckar 1855 births 1939 deaths 20th-century Swiss botanists